Lambs of Cavalry is literary fiction with a religious and historical context. The novel is set in China from about 1900 to 1955, a period in which missionaries and Chinese citizens experienced the difficulties and dangers of Chinese civil war, Japanese occupation, World War II, and the Chinese Communist Revolution.
I carried out most of the historical research for the novel as an undergraduate at North Carolina State University, spending significant time in the archives at East Carolina University, UNC Chapel Hill, and Wake Forest University.
The basis for my research are a previously unexamined collection of photographs, letters, and documents in our family’s possession, combined with research in other primary and secondary sources.
Especially helpful in providing details about the Kelly’s life in the period between 1915-1930 in South China were the digital archives of the The Pentecostal Evangel, The Latter Rain Evangel, and others from the Flower Pentecostal Heritage Center.
My undergraduate research paper can be found here on the UNC Wilmington site. (Spoiler Alert: Reading this paper will spoil the novel, so it’s recommended to read the novel first, which can be purchased here.).
Bibliography
This is the bibliography for my undergraduate research paper and a portion of the research behind The Lambs of Cavalry.
“Annual Report on Hong Kong.” Hong Kong: Government of Hong Kong, 1947.
“Begin Housecleaning in Chinese Regime” The Christian Century. 22 October 1947, lxiv, no. 41.
“The Case of Chiang Kai-Shek.” The Christian Century, 21 January 1948, lxv, no. 3.
“Christian Manifesto.” May 1949. In Documents of the Three-Self Movement, edited by Francis P. Jones. New York: Far Eastern Office, Division of Foreign Missions, 1963: 19-21.
“Common Program.” (Chapter 1, Article 5) In The People’s Republic of China 1949-1979: A Documentary Survey, edited by Harold C. Hinton. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 1980.
“Interchange China Missionaries.” The Christian Century. 31 December 1947, lxiv, no. 53.
“Message from Chinese Christians to Mission Boards Abroad.” December, 1949. In Documents of the Three-Self Movement, edited by Francis P. Jones. New York: Far Eastern Office, Division of Foreign Missions, 1963: 15-18.
“Mission Societies raise twenty millions”. The Christian Century. 28 January 1942: 125.
“Peace in the East.” The Christian Century, 19 September 1947, lxiv, no. 37.
United States Relation with China. Division of Publications, Department of State: Washington, DC, 1949.
Austin, Alvin J. Saving China: Canadian missionaries in the Middle Kingdom (1888-1959). University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 1986: 304.
Avett, M. Louise, Suining, to family, United States, 27 March 1944, M. Louise Avett Papers, East Carolina Manuscripts Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, Greenville, NC.
———, Suining, to James and Jo, United States, 3 June 1944, M. Louise Avett Papers, East Carolina Manuscripts Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, Greenville, NC.
———, Nanking, to family, United States, 20 January 1946, M. Louise Avett Papers, East Carolina Manuscripts Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, Greenville, NC.
———, Nanking, to Ruth, United States, 26 March 1947, M. Louise Avett Papers, East Carolina Manuscripts Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, Greenville, NC.
———, Nanking, to Clara, United States, 30 June 1948, M. Louise Avett Papers, East Carolina Manuscripts Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, Greenville, NC.
———, Nanking, to friends, United States, 6 June 1949, M. Louise Avett Papers, East Carolina Manuscripts Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, Greenville, NC.
———, Nanking, to sisters, United States, 18 July 1949, M. Louise Avett Papers, East Carolina Manuscripts Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, Greenville, NC.
———, Nanking, to Sara, United States, 10 November 1949, M. Louise Avett Papers, East Carolina Manuscripts Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, Greenville, NC.
———, United States, to Ronald, 29 March 1971, M. Louise Avett Papers, East Carolina Manuscripts Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, Greenville, NC.
Ayers, Sanford Emmet, “Report on the State of the Medical Mission to the Southern Baptist Convention in China, 1947. Thomas Wilburn and Sanford Emmet Ayers Papers (Microfilm), Southern Baptist Historical Collection, Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
———-. “Crisis of Medical Missions in China, 18 January 1949.” TD. 18 January 1949. Thomas Wilburn and Sanford Emmet Ayers Papers (Microfilm), Southern Baptist Historical Collection, Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
Ayers, Thomas W. China and her People XVI [1942]: 9. Thomas Wilburn and Sanford Emmet Ayers
Papers, Southern Baptist Historical Collection, Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
Bates, M. Searle. “Churches and Christians in China, 1950-1967: Fragments of Understanding.” Pacific Affairs 41, no. 2 (Summer 1968): 199-213.
Bates, M. Searle. “Theology of American Missionaries in China 1900-1950.”in The Missionary Enterprise in China and America, edited by John K. Fairbank. Harvard University Press: Cambridge, 1974.
Bays, Daniel H. “The Growth of Independent Christianity in China, 1900-1937,” in Christianity in China: From the Eighteenth Century to the Present. Ed. by Daniel H. Bays. Stanford University Press: Stanford, California, 1999.
Benignus, Emma L. “Current Religious Trends in China.” Journal of Bible and Religion 15, No. 4. (Oct., 1947): 199-205.
Borg, Dorothy and Waldo H. Heinrichs, eds. Uncertain Years: Chinese-American Relations, 1947-1950. New York City, NY: Columbia University Press, 1980.
Broomhall, Alfred (1982). Hudson Taylor and China’s Open Century. 1. Barbarians at the Gates. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
Cartwright, Frank T. “Protestant Missions in Communist China.” Far Eastern Survey 18, no. 26 (Dec., 1949): 301-305.
Cauthen, Baker James, “August Report to the Foreign Mission Board.” Richmond, VA: Foreign Mission
Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, August 1949.
Chang, Ruth, Chengtu, to M. Louise Avett, United States, 9 March 1948, M. Louise Avett Papers, East Carolina Manuscripts Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, Greenville, NC.
Clark, Canton, to Department of State, 6 July 1949, FRUS VIII China (1949): 407-408.
———-, Canton, to Department of State, 9 July 1949, FRUS VIII China (1949): 410.
———-, Canton, to Department of State, 17 August 1949, FRUS VIII China (1949): 1319.
Department of State, to Clark, Canton, 16 August 1949, FRUS VIII China (1949): 1317.
———-, to McConaughy, Shanghai, 23 December 1949, FRUS VIII China (1949): 3001.
Dudley, Marion. “China Scrapbook I, 1943-1945,” Marion Dudley Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
———, “China Scrapbook II, 1943-1945,” Marion Dudley Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
———, Chengtu, to friends, 13 February 1939, Marion Dudley Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
———, aboard SS Gripsolm nearing New York, to friends, 22 August 1942, Marion Dudley Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
———, Bennington, Vermont, to friends, 26 July 1943, Marion Dudley Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
———, Kunming, to friends, 20 December 1945, Marion Dudley Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
———, Canton, to friends, 25 May 1947, Marion Dudley Papers, Southern Historical Collection, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Foreign Mission Board of the Southern Baptist Convention, Richmond, VA, 22 August 1949, Thomas Wilburn and Sanford Emmet Ayers Papers (Microfilm), Southern Baptist Historical Collection, Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
Fried, Morton H. “Reflections on Christianity in China.” American Ethnologist 14, no. 1 (Feb., 1987).
Gillespie, Pauline. “Contributed in Full,” TMs (typewritten). Arthur Samuel Gillespie Papers, North Carolina Baptist Historical Collection, Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC.
Greenawalt, Bruce S. “Missionary Intelligence from China: American Protestant reports, 1930-1950.” University of North Carolina: Chapel Hill, NC, thesis, microform, 1974.
Huang, Lucy Jen. “The Role of Religion in Communist Chinese Society.” Asian Survey 11, no. 7 (Jul., 1971): 693-708.
Hwa, Chang Y., Chengtu, to M, Louise Avett, United States, 22 September 1949, M. Louise Avett
Papers, East Carolina Manuscripts Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, Greenville, NC.
Jones, Francis P. “The Christian Church in Communist China.” Far Eastern Survey 24, no. 12 (Dec., 1955): 184-188.
Kelley, Eugenia Wan, Canton, to Paul and Margaret Kelley, San Diego, 21 July 1954, in possession of author, Raleigh, NC.
———-, Canton, to Paul and Margaret Kelley, San Diego, 3 September 1954, in possession of author.
———-, Canton, to Margaret Kelley, San Diego, 15 November 1954, in possession of author, Raleigh, NC.
Kelley, George Maryland, Canton, to Paul and Margaret Kelley, San Diego, 31 December 1947, in possession of author.
———-, Tungshen, to Paul Kelley, San Diego, 6 December 1937, in possession of author, Raleigh, NC.
———-, Tungshen, to Paul Kelley, San Diego, 6 December 1937, in possession of author, Raleigh, NC.
———-, Canton, to Paul and Margaret Kelley, San Diego, 22 April 1948, in possession of author, Raleigh, NC.
———-, Canton, to Margaret Kelley, San Diego, 9 July 1949, in possession of author, Raleigh, NC.
———-, Canton, to Margaret Kelley, San Diego, 22 July 1949, in possession of author, Raleigh, NC.
———-, Canton, to Margaret Kelley, San Diego, [August], in possession of author, Raleigh, NC.
———-, Canton, to Paul and Margaret Kelley, San Diego, 20 September 1948, in possession of author, Raleigh, NC.
———-, Canton, to Paul and Margaret Kelley, San Diego, 29 August 1949, in possession of author, Raleigh, NC.
———-, Canton, “My Fortieth Anniversary,” 5 November 1950, in possession of author, Raleigh, NC.
———-, Canton, to Paul and Margaret Kelley and Joyce, San Diego, 12 April 1950, in possession of author, Raleigh, NC.
———-, Hong Kong, to Paul and Margaret Kelley, San Diego, 10 December 1950, in possession of author, Raleigh, NC.
———-, Whiteville, North Carolina, to Paul and Margaret Kelley and Joyce, San Diego, 6 December 1955, in possession of author, Raleigh, NC.
Kelley, John S. Interview by Mark W. Kelley. 17 February 2008. Interview 1. Transcript in possession of author, Raleigh, NC.
Lacy, Creighton. “Protestant Missions in Communist China.” Church History 25, no. 3 (Sep., 1956): 266-267.
———-. “The Missionary Exodus from China.” Pacific Affairs 28, no. 4 (Dec., 1955): 301-314.
Lanneau, Sophie Stephens, Soochow, to Susie, Roy and Elaine, Wake Forest, NC, 11 December 1947. Sophie Stephens Lanneau Papers, Southern Baptist Historical Collection, Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
———-, Soochow, to Mr. and Mrs. McDaniel, Wake Forest, NC, 19 November 1948. Sophie Stephens Lanneau Papers, Southern Baptist Historical Collection, Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
———-, Soochow, to family and friends, Wake Forest, NC, 25 November 1948. Sophie Stephens Lanneau Papers, Southern Baptist Historical Collection, Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
———-, Soochow, to family and friends, Wake Forest, NC, 1 December 1948. Sophie Stephens Lanneau Papers, Southern Baptist Historical Collection, Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
———-, Soochow, to family and friends, Wake Forest, NC, 9 December 1948. Sophie Stephens Lanneau Papers, Southern Baptist Historical Collection, Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
———-, Soochow, to Mary, United States, 15 May 1949, Sophie Stephens Lanneau Papers, Southern Baptist Historical Collection, Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
———-, Soochow, to friends, Wake Forest, NC, 21 September 1949, Sophie Stephens Lanneau Papers, Southern Baptist Historical Collection, Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
Lanneau, Mary F. “Intimate glimpses from a missionaries life in Communist China.” TMs (photocopy). Sophie Stephens Lanneau Papers, Southern Baptist Historical Collection, Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
Latourette, Kenneth Scott. “Problems Confronting Christian Missions in the Far East.” Pacific Affairs 21, no. 2 (June 1948): 176-185.
Lian Xi, The Search for Chinese Christianity in the Republican Period (1912-1949), Modern Asian Studies 38, 4 (2004), Cambridge University Press: 851-898
Lind, Jenny, Kiukiang, to friends, United States, 26 April 1948, Jenny Lind Papers, East Carolina Manuscript Department, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.
Mao Zedong. “In Commemoration of the Chinese Communist Party’s Twenty-eighth Anniversary. 30 June 1949. In The People’s Republic of China: A Documentary History of Revolutionary Change, edited by Mark Selden. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979.
———–. “Report to the Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.” 5 March 1949. In The People’s Republic of China: A Documentary History of Revolutionary Change, edited by Mark Selden. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979.
———–. “The Present Situation and our Tasks.” 25 December 1947. In The People’s Republic of China: A Documentary History of Revolutionary Change, edited by Mark Selden. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979.
Mary Ma, Suining, to Avett, New York, 15 February 1946, M. Louise Avett Papers, East Carolina Manuscripts Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, Greenville, NC.
Masland, John W. “Communism and Christianity in China.” The Journal of Religion 32, no. 3 (Jul., 1952): 198-206.
———-. “Missionary Influence upon American Far Eastern Policy.” The Pacific Historical Review 10, no. 3 (Sep., 1941): 279-296.
McConaughy, Shanghai, to Department of State, 19 December 1949, FRUS VIII China (1949): 1299.
Melby, John F. The Mandate of Heaven: Record of a Civil War, China 1945-1949. University of Toronto Press: Toronto, 1968.
Murray, Katie. Interview by Donald R. Lennon, 23 May 1973. Interview 8, transcript. East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC.
Murray, Katie, Shanghai, to family, Raleigh, NC, April 1948, Katie Murray Papers, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greeneville, NC.
———, Shanghai, to family, Raleigh, NC, 29 April 1948, Katie Murray Papers, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greeneville, NC.
———, Chinkiang, yo Aunt Laura and Ruth, Raleigh, 17 May 1948, Katie Murray Papers, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greeneville, NC.
———, Kweilin, to Aunt Laura, Raleigh, NC, 29 January 1949, Katie Murray Papers, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greeneville, NC.
———, Shanghai, to Aunt Laura and Ruth, Raleigh, NC, 7 June 1948, Katie Murray Papers, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greeneville, NC.
———, Kweilin, to family, Raleigh, NC, 9 May 1949, Katie Murray Papers, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greeneville, NC.
———-, Kweilin, to family, Raleigh, NC, 12 May 1949, Katie Murray Papers, East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J.Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University, Greeneville, NC.
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Scott, Winfield H., Canton, to Department of State, 6 July 1949, FRUS VIII China (1949): 409.
Smith, Lucy E., Kowloon, to family of Sophie Stephens Lanneau, Wake Forest, NC, 3 June 1949, Sophie Stephens Lanneau Papers, Southern Baptist Historical Collection, Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
———-, Kowloon, to China friends, 22 July 1949, Sophie Stephens Lanneau Papers, Southern Baptist Historical Collection, Z. Smith Reynolds Library, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC.
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———-, Nanking, to Department of State, 29 July 1949, FRUS VIII China (1949): 1136.
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